Ellis Island is a tiny piece of land between the Statue of Liberty and New Jersey, but its significance in history is enormous. For many immigrants, Ellis Island was the gateway to the American dream. Countless people from different cultures and backgrounds came to this tiny island to start a new life in the United States. Even today, it stands as a symbol of hope and freedom for millions of people worldwide.
Ellis Island is more than just a historical artifact. It is a symbol of the immigrant experience in America. It represents the bravery and resilience of those who dared to leave everything they knew to pursue a new life in a foreign land. For many, Ellis Island was the first glimpse of the American dream. It was where they were welcomed into the country, given a chance to start anew and build a better life for themselves and their families.
Today, Ellis Island is still a significant landmark, inspiring countless people to pursue their dreams and reminding them of the struggles and sacrifices made by those who came before them. At its core, Ellis Island symbolizes the American spirit of perseverance, determination, and hope. It represents the belief that through hard work and determination, anything is possible. As we continue to move forward as a nation, let us never forget the contributions of those who passed through Ellis Island and the many who continue to aspire to the American dream.
The History of Ellis Island
Ellis Island is a small island in New York Harbor that is now a national landmark and a museum. It was once the gateway for millions of immigrants coming to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The history of Ellis Island is a rich and complex one that tells the story of the United States as a nation of immigrants.
In 1892, the first immigrants to be processed at Ellis Island arrived from Europe on the steamship SS Arizona. From that point on, Ellis Island would become the largest immigrant processing center in the United States, and one of the busiest in the world.
- From 1892 to 1954, over 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island.
- The majority of immigrants who came through Ellis Island were from Europe, particularly Italy, Greece, and Eastern Europe.
- Immigrants had to pass a series of tests and screenings before they were allowed to enter the United States, including physical and mental examinations, as well as a review of their immigration paperwork.
The process of immigration was not always smooth or fair, and there were many obstacles that immigrants faced in order to be allowed into the United States. One of the most significant challenges was the language barrier. Many immigrants did not speak English, and there was no official translator system in place at Ellis Island. This led to miscommunication between immigrants and immigration officials, and many immigrants were rejected from entering the United States because of it.
The history of Ellis Island is also fraught with tragedy and hardship. In 1897, a fire destroyed the original immigration station on the island, killing several people and destroying many of the records of the immigrants who had passed through the island..
Year | Records of Immigrants Who Passed Through Ellis Island |
---|---|
1892-1897 | Destroyed in a fire |
1898-1924 | Available for research at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. |
1925-1954 | Available online at the Ellis Island Foundation website. |
Despite the challenges and obstacles, Ellis Island remains a symbol of hope and opportunity for many immigrants and their descendants. It serves as a reminder of the sacrifices and struggles of those who came before us, and the importance of welcoming and embracing diversity in our society.
The Design and Architecture of Ellis Island
The design and architecture of Ellis Island are an embodiment of America’s cultural diversity and history. It consists of 3-acre land, housing buildings, and several structures reminiscent of the founding days of America. Below is an in-depth analysis of the design and architecture of Ellis Island:
- Industrial Design: Ellis Island was designed with an industrial emphasis, with the main building featuring a towering brick exterior with white granite trim. The building was fitted with large windows to allow natural light into the interior, while the roof housed heating and cooling ducts to keep the environment cool or warm depending on the prevailing weather.
- Aesthetic Design: The designers of Ellis Island were keen on ensuring that the structure oozes beauty that portrays the American spirit. The entryway has a stunning shadow-cast grille with the “E” monogram embossed on it, while the verandas on either side of the building comprise three sections with delicately curated crenellated slate roofs. The structure’s central tower boasts a flagpole and a clock to give guests a sense of time and patriotism.
- Inspiring Symbolism: The architecture of Ellis Island was crafted with a purpose – to invoke feelings of hope, freedom, and the beginning of a new journey. The doors are emblazoned with Renaissance eagles, while the exterior walls, doors, and ceilings are profusely decorated with uplifting quotes, such as “The Land of Hope” and the “Glorious Banner of Liberty.”
Ellis Island Architecture: A Reflection of Immigrant Experience
The architecture of Ellis Island was crafted to present the immigrant experience in a unique and reflective manner. The structure oozes beauty and symbolism that invokes emotions of hope, freedom, and new beginnings, as evidenced by the large windows, lofty ceilings, and carefully selected decorations.
The materials used in building Ellis Island reflect the American values of hard work and sacrifice that the immigrants encountered during their journey. For instance, the building was constructed using bricks and white granite, materials that the immigrant workers were accustomed to handling. The architecture of Ellis Island is a testament to the resilience and spirit of the American people, qualities that immigrants were expected to possess in their new land.
Ellis Island Structures: Symbolizing the Melting Pot of America
Ellis Island structures depict the melting pot that America represents through its diversity of cultures and peoples. The structures on the island showcase the various architectural styles found throughout America, from the Georgian and Federal-style dormitories to the Beaux-Arts hospital complex.
The island’s structures were built to cater to the diverse needs of immigrants, from medical assistance to accommodation facilities. The designs of the buildings reflect the period in which they were constructed, spanning from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Each building on Ellis Island has a unique story to tell, highlighting the immigrant experience and their contribution to American culture and diversity.
A Look into the Future
Ellis Island stands today, a centuries-old structure that continues to tell the story of immigration into America. The buildings and structures on the island are a reflection of the past, present, and the future of America’s melting pot. Ellis Island symbolizes endurance, hope, and, above all, the potential for new beginnings.
Name of Structure | Year of Construction | Architectural Style |
---|---|---|
Main Building | 1900-1909 | Industrial Style |
Immigrant Dormitories | 1900-1909 | Federal and Georgian Styles |
Ellis Island Hospital | 1900-1940 | Beaux-Arts Style |
The structures on Ellis Island will continue to stand and tell the story of the immigrant experience for generations to come. As visitors walk through the halls of the island’s buildings, they will be reminded of the diversity and strength of America, a fitting tribute to the millions of immigrants who passed through Ellis Island.
The Role of Ellis Island in American Immigration
Ellis Island has served as the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States. As an immigration station, it played a significant role in the history of American immigration. Here are the key subtopics that describe the role of Ellis Island in American Immigration:
- Processing of Immigrants
- Medical Inspections and Quarantines
- The Arrival Experience
Processing of Immigrants
Ellis Island was the largest immigration center in the United States from 1892 to 1954. During this time, more than 12 million immigrants passed through the island. The processing of immigrants began with the ship’s arrival at the port of New York. The ship’s manifests were presented for inspection, and a medical examination was carried out to search for contagious diseases.
Once the ship was cleared, the passengers were shuttled across the harbor to Ellis Island. There, they were inspected by legal inspectors to determine their eligibility to enter the United States. The inspectors looked for signs of illness, criminal history, or any other reason that the individual might be inadmissible.
Medical Inspections and Quarantines
Because of the volume of immigrants, there was a risk of contagious diseases. The medical exams were essential to safeguard public health, and those who were found to be carrying diseases or medical conditions that could be a risk for others were quarantined. The medical examinations not only helped to prevent the spread of disease but also allowed for health interventions, such as screenings for tuberculosis, vaccination, and lice treatments to be implemented.
The Arrival Experience
The first step in the arrival experience was to wait in line. This was often a long process since there were so many people arriving at the same time. Once the immigrants were processed and cleared, they were free to go. Many immigrants were exhausted from their long journeys and sleeping arrangements were made if necessary. In contrast, some other immigrants were excited to start their new lives in the United States. Finally, after leaving Ellis Island, each immigrant had to start anew in America, learning the language, and adapting to the new culture.
Conclusion
Ellis Island played a profound role in the history of American immigration. It helped the United States to become the melting pot of cultures it is today. The island symbolizes the American dream and hopes for a better future among immigration generations. It stands as a reminder that immigrants are still coming to America until today.
Year | Number of Immigrants |
---|---|
1892 | 450,000 |
1907 | 1,285,000 |
1914 | 1,218,480 |
1924 | 225,206 |
This table shows the number of immigrants who passed through Ellis Island during its busiest years.
Ellis Island as a Gateway to the American Dream
Ellis Island is not just an island between New York and New Jersey. What makes it truly unique is that it serves as a symbol of hope and opportunity. This symbolization is what has earned it the nickname “Island of Hope, Island of Tears.”
The immigrants who passed through its gates did so with the dream of creating a better life for themselves and their families. It represents the experience of millions of individuals who left everything behind hoping for a better future. Ellis Island represents the gateway to the American Dream.
Ellis Island as a Land of Opportunity
- Ellis Island was one of the busiest immigrant processing stations in the United States. Between 1892 and 1954, over 12 million immigrants passed through its gates in hopes of a better life.
- The immigrant experience was not always positive. Many faced significant challenges due to language barriers, cultural shock, and discrimination. Yet, the idea of freedom and opportunity persevered, and many immigrants went out and built amazing legacies.
- The stories of these immigrants and their descendants are still evident in the history, culture, and economy of America today.
An American Melting Pot
Ellis Island was the place where people of various races and ethnicities met and melted. It became a symbol of both assimilation and diversity in America, thus creating the “melting pot” image of the United States.
It was the point of entry for a wide range of immigrants from various regions in Europe and Asia. Some of the immigrants brought their traditions and cultures to America and helped to transform the American culture. As a result, the United States became home to the most diverse population in the world.
Ellis Island’s Legacy
The immigrations that passed through Ellis Island helped shape the modern United States. The monument is a symbol of the human desire for freedom and opportunity.
Legacy of Ellis Island | Description |
---|---|
Family Roots | The descendants of the Ellis Island era immigrants continue to impact American society deeply. |
Immigration Reform | Ellis Island played a substantial role in U.S. immigration history, leading to reforms in immigration policy. |
Cultural Contributions | The immigrants who passed through Ellis Island were essential in establishing a unique and diverse culture of the United States. |
Ellis Island’s legacy symbolizes the transformation of America over time. It marks a period in history that highlights the common qualities that all people share, regardless of their country of origin. In conclusion, Ellis Island embodies the American Dream, hope, and the determination to create a better life for oneself and their family.
The Challenges Faced by Immigrants at Ellis Island
Ellis Island is a symbol of hope and opportunity for millions of immigrants who arrived in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, their journey was not always easy, and they faced many challenges upon their arrival.
- Language barriers: Many immigrants did not speak English when they arrived at Ellis Island, making communication difficult with customs officials and medical professionals.
- Health screenings: Before being allowed to enter the United States, immigrants had to undergo health screenings at Ellis Island. Those who were deemed a danger to public health were deported back to their home countries.
- Legal requirements: Immigrants had to meet certain legal requirements in order to enter the United States, such as having enough money to support themselves and not having a criminal record.
- Discrimination: Immigrants faced discrimination from some Americans who did not want them to come to the United States, particularly those from specific countries or ethnic groups.
- Families separated: In some cases, families were separated at Ellis Island if one member was deemed ineligible to enter the United States. This was often a traumatic experience for those involved.
In addition to these specific challenges, the overall experience of arriving at Ellis Island was overwhelming for many immigrants. They had left their homes and families behind, often with little idea of what to expect in their new country. Many were scared and uncertain about their future.
Year | Immigrants | Record |
---|---|---|
1892 | 450,000 | Most arrivals in a single year |
1907 | 1,004,756 | Most arrivals in a single day (April 17) |
1914 | 248,120 | Least arrivals in a single year due to outbreak of World War I |
Despite these challenges, the majority of immigrants who arrived at Ellis Island went on to build successful lives in the United States. They contributed to American society in countless ways, helping to build the country into the melting pot that it is today.
Famous Immigrants who Passed through Ellis Island
Ellis Island, located in New York Harbor, served as the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the United States from 1892 to 1954. As a result, the island has come to symbolize the American immigrant experience. Here are six of the most famous immigrants who passed through Ellis Island:
- Isaac Asimov: One of the most prolific science fiction writers of the 20th century, Asimov was born in Russia and immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1923. They passed through Ellis Island and settled in Brooklyn, where Asimov went on to write over 500 books in a variety of genres.
- Bob Hope: The legendary comedian and actor was born in England and immigrated to the United States with his family in 1908. They passed through Ellis Island and settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where Hope began his career in show business.
- Albert Einstein: Widely considered one of the greatest minds in human history, Einstein was born in Germany and immigrated to the United States in 1933 to escape Nazi persecution. He passed through Ellis Island and settled in Princeton, New Jersey, where he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study.
- Cary Grant: The suave and debonair actor was born in England and immigrated to the United States in 1920. He passed through Ellis Island and eventually settled in Hollywood, where he became one of the biggest movie stars of his era.
- Mae West: The iconic actress and sex symbol was born in Brooklyn to a family of German Jewish immigrants. Although she was born in the United States, West’s parents had passed through Ellis Island, making her a second-generation American.
- Bela Lugosi: The Hungarian-born actor is best known for his portrayal of Count Dracula in the 1931 film of the same name. Lugosi immigrated to the United States in 1921 and passed through Ellis Island.
The Ellis Island Experience
For many immigrants, arriving at Ellis Island was a daunting and intimidating experience. They often faced long lines, medical inspections, and grueling interviews with officials who judged their worthiness to enter the United States. However, for those who were able to pass through Ellis Island, it was a triumph of hope over adversity and the beginning of a new life in a new country.
The Ellis Island Immigrant Database
If you’re curious about whether your own ancestors passed through Ellis Island, there’s an online database that can help. The Ellis Island Immigrant Database contains over 51 million records of immigrants who passed through the island between 1892 and 1954. You can search the database for free and potentially discover new information about your family history.
Year | Number of Immigrants |
---|---|
1892 | 450,000 |
1907 | 1,004,756 |
1914 | 1,218,480 |
1920 | 430,001 |
1930 | 241,700 |
1954 | 1,076 |
As you can see from the table above, the number of immigrants passing through Ellis Island peaked in 1907 at over 1 million. By 1954, the number had dwindled to just over 1,000 as the island was no longer used for immigration purposes.
The Impact of Ellis Island on American Society and Culture
Ellis Island has become a symbol of hope and opportunity for millions of immigrants who passed through its gates between 1892 and 1954. The impact of Ellis Island on American society and culture cannot be overstated. Here are some of the major ways in which Ellis Island has shaped the United States:
- 1. Cultural Diversity: Ellis Island was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to America, who brought with them their own unique cultures, languages, and traditions. The melting pot of cultures that existed on Ellis Island provided the building blocks for the diverse society that we see in America today.
- 2. Economic Growth: The influx of immigrants who arrived at Ellis Island contributed massively to America’s economic growth in the 20th century. Many of these immigrants worked in factories, mines, and mills, and helped to build the infrastructure of America.
- 3. Social Reform: Ellis Island also played a role in creating social reform movements in America. Many of the immigrants who passed through its gates were fleeing oppressive regimes, and thus were more likely to identify with progressive movements that aimed to combat social injustices.
- 4. National Identity: Ellis Island has come to symbolize the notion of America as a “melting pot” of cultures, and has helped to foster a sense of national identity among Americans. It represents the American Dream: a place where anyone can come to make a new life for themselves.
- 5. Tourism: Ellis Island is now a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year who come to learn about the experiences of their ancestors and to honor the sacrifices that were made hundreds of years ago.
- 6. Political Discourse: Ellis Island has become a part of the political discourse in America. It is often cited as an example of America’s humanitarian values and its role as a safe haven for oppressed peoples around the world.
- 7. Inspiration: Finally, Ellis Island is a symbol of inspiration, representing the possibilities that are available to all of us. It reminds us of the importance of holding on to hope, even in the face of adversity, and of the courage required to pursue our dreams.
The Ellis Island Experience
For the millions of immigrants who passed through its gates, Ellis Island was not just a symbol, but a living experience. Many of these immigrants were fleeing terrible hardships in their home countries, and their journey to America was fraught with danger and uncertainty.
For those who made it to Ellis Island, the experience was both overwhelming and exhilarating. The sheer scale of the place was awe-inspiring: dozens of buildings, thousands of people, and an endless array of bureaucratic procedures that had to be navigated before they could even set foot in America.
But despite the challenges, many immigrants found comfort in the community that existed on Ellis Island. Fellow immigrants provided a sense of familiarity and support, and many developed lasting friendships during their time there.
The experience of Ellis Island was also one of hope. The promise of a new life in America, free from the oppression and poverty of their home countries, was a beacon of hope that kept many immigrants going through the difficult journey.
Today, the legacy of Ellis Island lives on, inspiring generations of Americans to appreciate the opportunities that are available to them.
The Ellis Island Museum
In 1990, the Ellis Island Museum opened its doors to the public, providing a glimpse into the experiences of the millions of immigrants who passed through its gates.
The museum is a testament to the power of storytelling, weaving together the personal stories of immigrants with the broader narrative of America’s history. Exhibits include photographs, artifacts, and first-hand accounts of what it was like to pass through Ellis Island.
The museum also serves as a reminder of the challenges that immigrants faced in the past, and the challenges that many continue to face today. It provides a poignant message of hope and possibility, reminding us that the American Dream is still alive and well.
Exhibit | Description |
---|---|
“The Journey” | An exhibit that traces the arduous journey that many immigrants faced before arriving at Ellis Island. |
“The Registry Room” | A recreation of the main hall at Ellis Island, where immigrants were processed and registered upon arrival. |
“The American Dream” | An exhibit that explores the many ways in which immigrants have contributed to American society and culture. |
The Ellis Island Museum is a must-visit for anyone interested in the history of America and the experiences of its immigrants.
The Decline and Restoration of Ellis Island
Ellis Island has a rich history, serving as a gateway for millions of immigrants to enter the United States. However, the historical site faced a decline after the immigration station closed in 1954. Fortunately, Ellis Island underwent restoration and is now preserved as a national landmark.
- The Decline of Ellis Island: After the facility closed in 1954, Ellis Island was abandoned and left to decay. It wasn’t until the 1970s that efforts were made to restore the neglected landmark.
- Restoration Efforts: In 1982, the non-profit organization, The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, launched a $156 million restoration campaign. Over the course of nearly a decade, the campaign restored the crumbling buildings, repaired the seawall, installed new utilities and transformed the site into a museum.
- Reopening and National Landmark Status: Ellis Island reopened to visitors in 1990, allowing guests to explore the rich history of the location. In 1998, President Clinton signed legislation that designated Ellis Island as a national landmark, ensuring its place in American history for generations to come.
Today, Ellis Island serves as a symbol of hope for generations of Americans who trace their roots back to the immigrants who entered the country through its doors. Its restoration was a testament to the importance of preserving our shared history and cultural heritage.
So, next time you visit Ellis Island, take a moment to appreciate the efforts that went into restoring and preserving such an important piece of American history.
Year | Milestone |
---|---|
1954 | Ellis Island immigration station closes |
1970s | Efforts to restore the abandoned site are initiated |
1982 | The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation launches a $156 million restoration campaign |
1990 | Ellis Island reopens to visitors as a museum |
1998 | President Clinton signs legislation designating Ellis Island as a national landmark |
Sources: The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, National Park Service
Ellis Island Today: A National Museum and Historic Site
Ellis Island stands today as a testament to the importance of immigration and the role it played in shaping the United States. As a National Museum and Historic Site, it attracts thousands of visitors each year from all over the world. One of the most fascinating aspects of Ellis Island is the number 9.
During the peak years of immigration from 1892-1924, officials at Ellis Island were tasked with processing thousands of immigrants per day. In order to streamline the process, they developed a system where each immigrant was given a numbered tag, much like a modern-day luggage tag. The processing officers would then record the immigrant’s information and medical status on a chalkboard. If an immigrant needed further examination or treatment, they were marked with the number 9, indicating that they needed special attention.
While being labeled with the number 9 may have caused fear and uncertainty among immigrants, it also represents the care and compassion that officials at Ellis Island had for those passing through. They recognized the importance of helping those in need and ensuring that everyone had a fair chance at a new life in America.
- Today, visitors to Ellis Island can see the number 9 marked on the historic chalkboard in the Great Hall, a reminder of the thousands of immigrants who passed through.
- The museum also showcases the stories and experiences of immigrants, from their journey to America to their struggles and triumphs in building new lives.
- Interactive exhibits and historic artifacts bring the history of Ellis Island to life and offer a unique glimpse into the immigration process.
Ellis Island serves as not only a museum, but also a symbol of hope and opportunity. It represents the struggles and sacrifices of those who came before us and provides a deeper understanding of the diversity and richness of the American experience.
Year | Immigrants | Peak |
---|---|---|
1892 | 450,000 | 11,747 |
1907 | 1,285,349 | 11,747 |
1914 | 1,218,480 | 11,747 |
As we continue to debate immigration policies and the role of immigrants in our society, Ellis Island remains a powerful reminder of our shared history and the importance of welcoming those in search of a better life.
The Legacy of Ellis Island: Lessons for Immigration Policy in the Modern Era
Ellis Island is a small island in New York Harbor that served as the United States’ busiest immigrant inspection station for over 60 years. Millions of immigrants, mostly from European countries, were processed through Ellis Island during its peak years, from 1892 to 1924, in search of better opportunities in America.
But Ellis Island isn’t just a piece of history. It has a lasting legacy that can still teach us valuable lessons about immigration policy in the modern era. Here are some of the most important lessons we can take away from Ellis Island:
- Inclusion is key: One of the most striking things about Ellis Island was how it welcomed immigrants from all walks of life. Regardless of their race, religion, or social status, everyone who stepped foot on Ellis Island was given a fair chance to enter the U.S. America has always been a melting pot of cultures, and we should continue to embrace and celebrate our diversity.
- The need for regulation: While Ellis Island was a symbol of hope for many, it was also a place of strict regulation. Immigrants had to undergo health inspections, be interviewed by officials, and prove that they had enough money to support themselves. This level of regulation is still crucial today, as we continue to face challenges with illegal immigration and border control.
- The importance of documentation: One of the most impressive things about Ellis Island was how organized and thorough its record-keeping was. Every immigrant who passed through the island was carefully documented, which has proven invaluable for genealogists and historians alike. This attention to detail is a reminder of how important it is to keep accurate records, especially when it comes to immigration.
- Compassion over fear: While there were certainly skeptics and naysayers when it came to immigration during the Ellis Island era, overall, compassion won out over fear. Both immigrants and Americans showed immense courage and empathy during this time, and we have much to learn from their example today.
The Ellis Island Experience: A Table of Stats
Years of Operation | 1892-1954 |
Total Number of Immigrants Processed | 12 million |
Peak Year of Immigration | 1907 (over 1 million immigrants processed) |
Number of Languages Spoken by Immigrants | Over 60 |
Reasons for Exclusion | Disease, criminal history, lack of funds, political beliefs |
Success Rate of Immigrants | Approximately 98% |
These statistics are a testament to the resilience and determination of the immigrants who passed through Ellis Island. They also give us a better understanding of the challenges and obstacles they faced in their quest for a better life.
What Does Ellis Island Symbolize?
1. What is Ellis Island?
Ellis Island is a small island located in New York Harbor, which served as the main entry point for immigrants coming to the United States between 1892 and 1954.
2. What does Ellis Island symbolize?
Ellis Island symbolizes the American Dream and the promise of a better life that drew millions of immigrants to the United States.
3. What role did Ellis Island play in American history?
Ellis Island played a crucial role in American history as the primary gateway for immigrants coming to the United States. It has become a symbol of freedom, opportunity, and hope for generations of Americans and immigrants.
4. What was the process for immigrants arriving at Ellis Island?
Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island were subject to medical and legal inspections, and were often held in detention until they could pass these tests. They also faced other challenges, such as language barriers and discrimination.
5. How many people passed through Ellis Island?
Over 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954, making it one of the busiest immigration centers in the world.
6. When did Ellis Island become a symbol of American hospitality?
Ellis Island became a symbol of American hospitality in the early 20th century, when its facilities were improved to provide a more welcoming environment for immigrants.
7. What is the legacy of Ellis Island?
The legacy of Ellis Island is one of diversity, inclusion, and perseverance. It reminds us of the struggles and sacrifices that immigrants have made to come to this country, and the contributions they have made to American society.
Closing Thoughts on What Does Ellis Island Symbolize
Thank you for taking the time to learn more about what Ellis Island symbolizes. As a symbol of hope and opportunity, Ellis Island continues to inspire and unite us as a nation. We encourage you to visit Ellis Island and experience its history and legacy firsthand. Be sure to come back for more stories on American history and culture.